of grace had she not, from the first instant of her existence, been entirely exempt from sin. In other words, her plenitudo gratiae10 must be conceived as unlimited in intensity as well as duration. Rightly, therefore, does Martin Luther remark of our Lady: “We could not say to her: ‘Blessed art thou,’ if she had at any time been subject to malediction.”11 Thus conceived, the prerogative of plenitudo gratiae as well as the “blessedness” of Mary logically include her Immaculate Conception, as a cause
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